Nearly 200 world governments agreed an historic international agreement to tackle climate change at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. The governments - including all the world's leading countries - agreed a deal to cap global warming at “well below” two degrees above pre-industrial levels, with reference in the text to an aspiration to achieve a lower, long-term 1.5 degree target.
Any mention of the 1.5 degree limit seemed unlikely when the COP21 began. However, the idea gradually gathered steam and was adopted by the “High Ambition Coalition” of the EU, US, and over 100 developed and developing countries.
The deal was hailed as 'the beginning of the end for fossil fuel industries' and as providing a strong signal to markets for low carbon investment and innovation.
However, critics said that despite the landmark deal, the promises made by countries to cut their emissions in the run-up to the COP21 will fall far short of the two degree goal. The agreement was also criticised for its failure to make significant elements legally binding.
Scientists say that even two degrees is likely to have serious consequences for people and the environment. Countries’ Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) will result in global warming of 2.7 degrees, projections suggest.
However, under the terms of the deal, countries will submit new INDCs every five years, and they cannot be less ambitious then their previous climate plan. This will be accompanied by a reporting and transparency system. The deal's supporters say that it will provide a clear and powerful signal to business and investors about the direction of travel.
French President François Hollande said that Paris had witnessed many revolutions over the centuries. But the climate change revolution was the “most beautiful” revolution in its history.
Jennifer Morgan of the World Resources Institute said the long-term goal was “transformational” and “sends signals into the heart of the markets”.
The UK Energy Secretary Amber Rudd said that the UK is "absolutely committed" to the Paris climate deal and will be "making sure we deliver on it".
She said that she believes there is "political will" among countries to carry out its terms.
The British Prime Minister David Cameron said the deal represents "a huge step forward in securing the future of the planet". He said that it showed what "unity, ambition and perseverance can do".
Campaigners said it fell short of such "soaring rhetoric" while some business leaders urged greater backing for clean technology.